Para obter informações detalhadas do hardware da máquina, utilize o programa lshw.

Instale o pacote lshw (e o pacote lshw-gtk, caso queira usar no modo gráfico).

Em distribuições GNU/Linux baseadas no Debian, você pode instalar com:

# apt-get install lshw
# apt-get install lshw-gtk

Exemplo no modo texto:

H/W path       Device      Class       Description
==================================================
                             system      Inspiron 1545
/0                           bus         0G848F
/0/0                         memory      64KiB BIOS
/0/400                       processor   Pentium(R) Dual-Core CPU 
					          T4200 @ 2.00GHz
/0/400/700                   memory      128KiB L1 cache
/0/400/701                   memory      1MiB L2 cache
/0/400/0.1                   processor   Logical CPU
/0/400/0.2                   processor   Logical CPU
/0/1000                      memory      1GiB System Memory
/0/1000/0                    memory      512MiB DIMM DDR Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
/0/1000/1                    memory      512MiB DIMM DDR Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
/0/100                       bridge      Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub
/0/100/2                     display     Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller
/0/100/2.1                   display     Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller
/0/100/1a                    bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
/0/100/1a.1                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5
/0/100/1a.2                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #6
/0/100/1a.7                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2
/0/100/1b                    multimedia  82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller
/0/100/1c                    bridge      82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 1
/0/100/1c.1                  bridge      82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 2
/0/100/1c.1/0    eth1        network     BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY
/0/100/1c.2                  bridge      82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 3
/0/100/1c.2/0    eth0        network     88E8040 PCI-E Fast Ethernet Controller
/0/100/1c.4                  bridge      82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 5
/0/100/1d                    bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
/0/100/1d.1                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
/0/100/1d.2                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
/0/100/1d.7                  bus         82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1
/0/100/1e                    bridge      82801 Mobile PCI Bridge
/0/100/1f                    bridge      ICH9M LPC Interface Controller
/0/100/1f.2      scsi0       storage     ICH9M/M-E SATA AHCI Controller
/0/100/1f.2/0    /dev/sda    disk        250GB ST9250315AS
/0/100/1f.2/0/1  /dev/sda1   volume      18GiB EXT3 volume

Para usar no modo gráfico:

# lshw -X

Exemplo no modo gráfico: O programa lshw tem muitas opções interessantes.

Consulte sua página de manual:

man lshw